by Jan Ferdinand Sauer, February 06, 2023

by Thorkil Værge, November 25, 2022

by Thorkil Værge, Ferdinand Sauer, and Alan Szepieniec, August 03, 2022

by Thorkil Værge, April 11, 2022

In the Neptune protocol Merkle Mountain Ranges are used to commit to the set of transaction outputs.

The Neptune White Paper states that Merkle Mountain Ranges (MMRs) have two properties that are useful in the context of a blockchain, namely:

1. With only the commitment to the MMR, a new MMR commitment can be calculated when a new leaf is appended.
2. With only the commitment to the MMR, a new MMR commitment can be calculated when an existing leaf is mutated, provided that you also have the authentication path for the updated leaf.

by Alan Szepieniec, October 28, 2021

This series of articles is a six part tutorial explaining the mechanics of the STARK proof system. It is directed towards a technically-inclined audience with knowledge of basic maths and programming.

• Part 0: Introduction
• Part 1: STARK Overview
• Part 2: Basic tools
• Part 3: FRI
• Part 4: The Stark Polynomial IOP
• Part 5: A Rescue-Prime STARK
• Part 6: Speeding Things Up

by Alan Szepieniec and Thorkil Værge, April 23, 2021